D. BFD is able to discover local link failures at layers 1 and 2 and provides detection for this in less than one second. BFD can detect link failures at both the physical layer (Layer 1) and the data link layer (Layer 2) by sending and receiving packets at a very high rate (often every few milliseconds). If a BFD session detects a link failure, it can immediately signal this to the adjacent node, which can then take appropriate action to reroute traffic or take other measures to restore network connectivity.
BFD detects link failure when it does not get an echo. It does not need to signal to anyone after a failure is detect. E.g. when failure is detected, BFD will trigger the teardown of the OSPF adjancy over the failed link. This will then cause OSPF to very fast take an alternative route that is already locally in the OSPF LSDB.
yes I don't remember reading anywhere about signaling to the other node, the only signal is a loss of the BFD "reply" packet due to a link failure.
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