Application firewalls/WAFs and software firewalls are *NOT* the same thing.
An example of a software firewall is Windows Firewall. These mostly do packet filtering, and work on layer 3/network layer.
Firewalls operate at Layer 3, 4 and 7 of the OSI model. Firstly, a firewall operates at layer 3 since it can filter packets based on IP of origin or destination. Secondly, at layer 4 because you can filter based on TCP or UDP ports. Thirdly, it also operates on Layer 7 for packet inspection.
Network Layer (Layer 3): Software firewalls examine and filter network traffic based on IP addresses and port numbers. They can block or allow traffic based on rules that specify which IP addresses and port combinations are permitted or denied. In this layer, they often inspect the source and destination IP addresses to make filtering decisions.
--> Network
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